Board Review in Preventive Medicine and Public Health Pdf
Lath Review in Preventive Medicine and Public Health
Questions and Answers
Gregory Schwaid, Practise, MPH
Table of Contents
Comprehend image
Title page
Dedication
Copyright
About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter Ane. Full general Public Health
Abstruse
ane.1 General Public Health Questions
1.2 Full general Public Health Answers
Bibliography
Affiliate Two. Wellness Policy and Management
Abstruse
2.ane Wellness Policy and Management Questions
2.2 Wellness Policy and Management Answers
Bibliography
Affiliate Three. Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Abstract
3.1 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Questions
iii.ii Epidemiology and Biostatistics Answers
Bibliography
Chapter 4. Environmental Medicine
Abstract
4.ane Environmental Medicine Questions
four.2 Environmental Medicine Answers
Bibliography
Affiliate 5. Occupational and Aerospace Medicine
Abstract
five.ane Occupational and Aerospace Medicine Questions
5.2 Occupational and Aerospace Medicine Answers
Bibliography
Chapter Six. Clinical Preventive Medicine
Abstract
6.1 Clinical Preventive Medicine Questions
6.two Clinical Preventive Medicine Answers
Bibliography
Chapter Seven. Infectious disease
Abstract
7.1 Infectious disease Questions
7.2 Infectious Disease Answers
Bibliography
Chapter Viii. Emergency Preparedness
Abstract
8.one Emergency Preparedness Questions
8.ii Emergency Preparedness Answers
Bibliography
Index
Dedication
To Miriya and Maximus
Copyright
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Notices
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About the Author
Gregory Schwaid earned his Bachelor of Scientific discipline in Biomedical Science from the Academy of Southward Florida. From there he continued at USF to earn a master caste in Public Wellness with a concentration in Health Policy and Management. Afterwards, he attended Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine in Bradenton, Florida, from where he earned his doctorate in Osteopathic Medicine. He completed his medical residency in preventive medicine with the Florida Department of Health in Palm Beach County. Upon completion of his residency, Dr. Schwaid became lath certified in preventive medicine by both the American Board of Preventive Medicine and the American Osteopathic Lath of Preventive Medicine.
Since completing residency, Dr. Schwaid has taken on many roles in public health and preventive medicine. These roles include practicing direct patient care and serving as faculty at both Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine and the Preventive Medicine Residency at the Florida Department of Health in Palm Beach County. He also serves as Vice President and Chair of Public Health/Preventive Medicine for the American Osteopathic College of Occupational and Preventive Medicine (AOCOPM).
Preface
This book is intended to serve every bit a report resource for clinicians, medical residents, medical students, and graduate students in the fields of public health and preventive medicine. It is composed of >640 problem-based questions and answers intended to brainwash and reinforce public health concepts. The questions are broken into distinct sections to assistance the reader place areas of weakness.
The primary audience for the volume is those seeking lath certification by the American Osteopathic Board of Preventive Medicine and/or the American Board of Preventive Medicine. This includes offset fourth dimension test-takers and those recertifying. Specialties that take the preventive medicine board exams include general preventive medicine, occupational medicine, aerospace medicine, undersea/hyperbaric medicine, correctional medicine, habit medicine, lifestyle medicine, and bioinformatics.
The volume was written by a board certified preventive medicine medico over a 2-year menstruation with notes he took from his preparation for the preventive medicine boards, combined with notes from his masters of public health studies and real-life clinical experiences.
Acknowledgements
Dr. Schwaid would similar to thank the Shoshana Levy, Medico, MPH for her contributions to the completion of this book.
Chapter One
General Public Health
Abstract
In public health and preventive medicine, the population is considered the patient. Health interventions may have an bear on on enormous amounts of people. This department addresses concepts at the foundation of public health and preventive medicine (27 questions).
Keywords
Public health; preventive; wellness models; essential services; cadre functions; population
1.i General Public Health Questions
one. What are the three core functions of public health?
A. Assessment, policy development, balls
B. Prevention, legislation, enforcement
C. Epidemiology, environmental health, individual health
D. Health education, health promotion, wellness care
E. None of the above
2. What is the relation between the core public wellness functions and the essential public health services?
A. Core functions are a product of federal regime, while the essential services are a production of state and/or local government
B. The core functions and the essential services are different words for the same thing
C. The core functions fall within the essential services
D. The essential services fall within the cadre functions
Eastward. There is no relationship between the two
3. Licensing health-care facilities is an action that falls within which public health core function?
A. Assessment
B. Assurance
C. Enforcement
D. Regulation
E. Safety
4. The Surgeon General oversees which of the following?
A. American Ruddy Cantankerous
B. Department of Health and Human Services
C. Md officers in the Army
D. Nobody, the Surgeon General is a figurehead for the health of the nation and does non have say-so
E. US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
5. Which of the following is not true of water fluoridation?
A. Afterwards discontinuation of h2o fluoridation, at that place is an increase in missing teeth
B. After initiation of fluoridation, there is a decrease in dental caries
C. Customs water fluoridation reduces dental caries across all socioeconomic status groups
D. The larger the population of those on community water fluoridation systems, the more than expensive it is per private
E. H2o fluoridation reduces the number of people without a single dental cavity
six. An unemployed unmarried mother of iv children (ages 2, 4, 7, and 9) presents to the county nutrition clinic afterward moving from another country. How many of the children will the Woman, Infants, and Children (WIC) program directly benefit?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4
7. The US PEPFAR Plan targets which disease?
A. AIDS/HIV
B. Asthma
C. Diarrheal affliction
D. Hepatitis
East. Malaria
viii. The Health Resource and Services Assistants's Ryan White Plan is dedicated to helping those with which disease?
A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
B. Diabetes
C. HIV
D. Lung cancer
Due east. Pediatric obesity
9. How often are the Healthy People objectives updated?
A. Annually
B. iii years
C. 5 years
D. 10 years
E. xx years
x. Compared to the general population in the The states, the prison population in the United States has a lower prevalence of which disquiet?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. HIV
C. Substance abuse
D. Tuberculosis
East. None of the above
xi. Which of the post-obit is the leading crusade of death in American jails?
A. Accident
B. Alcohol/drug overdose
C. Heart disease
D. Homicide
Due east. Suicide
12. Which model of health behavior includes perceived susceptibility?
A. Wellness Belief Model
B. Social Cognitive Theory
C. Theory of Reasoned Action
D. Transtheoretical Model
E. None of the above
xiii. Which model of health beliefs proposes that the actual change in a behavior is correlated to the intention to change the behavior?
A. Health Belief Model
B. Social Cerebral Theory
C. Theory of Reasoned Action
D. Transtheoretical Model
E. None of the higher up
xiv. Which model of health behavior includes reciprocal determinism?
A. Health Belief Model
B. Social Cognitive Theory
C. Theory of Reasoned Action
D. Transtheoretical Model
East. None of the in a higher place
15. After years of deliberation, a smoker has decided to speak to his physician nearly quitting. The physician suggests setting a quit engagement. Which step in the Transtheoretical Model does setting a quit engagement represent?
A. Precontemplation
B. Contemplation
C. Preparation
D. Activity
E. Maintenance
16. Which of the post-obit is not considered to be one of the distinct categories of the Diffusion of Innovation Model?
A. Early adaptors
B. Early bulk
C. Innovators
D. Belatedly majority
East. Majority
17. What is the first step in completing the CDC's Community Health Cess and Group Evaluation (CHANGE) tool?
A. Gather the community team
B. Build the customs action plan
C. Create a change summary statement
D. Gather data
E. Review all v alter sectors
18. Which of the post-obit is not ane of the five Community Wellness Assessment and Group Evaluation (CHANGE) sectors?
A. Customs-a-large sector
B. Health-care sector
C. Schoolhouse sector
D. Volunteer sector
E. Work-site sector
nineteen. What does CDC'southward PATCH programme stand for?
A. Partnerships Aimed to Create Health
B. People Against the Corruption of Health
C. Planned Arroyo to Community Health
D. Practitioner Brotherhood to Community Health
E. Practise Organization to Create Health
20. Which one of the following choices is not one of the Rothman customs organization models?
A. Social activity
B. Social planning
C. Locality development
D. Resources direction
Due east. All of the higher up are Rothman models
21. The CDC's Community Preventive Services Chore Force publishes how many potential grades for each recommended topic?
A. 2
B. iii
C. iv
D. five
E. 6
22. Which of the following is the target population for which the Cess Protocol for Excellence in Public Health (APEX PH) is intended for use?
A. Individuals
B. Local wellness departments
C. State health departments
D. Federal authorities
East. International public health emergencies
23. Mobilizing Action for Planning and Partnerships (MAPP) is best suited for addressing which of the post-obit components of a local wellness department?
A. Mission
B. Organizational administrative processes
C. Organizational structure
D. Strategic plan
E. Values
24. An administrator in a publically funded teen health clinic wants to start health education program. While thinking back to her days studying public health, she remembered a popular eight-footstep approach to create a health program. Which of the following programs is she thinking of?
A. EMTALA
B. Ishikawa (fishbone)
C. MAPP
D. PRECEDE–Go along
East. SMART Objectives
25. The PATCH Model is a tool that was created within the context of which of the following?
A. APEX PH
B. MAPP
C. PACE EH
D. PDSA
E. PRECEDE–Go on
26. Which of the following options is not one of the iv Ps
of health-care social marketing?
A. Identify
B. Cost
C. Principle
D. Production
E. Promotion
27. What is the proper name of the program that is administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention'due south Division of Community Health to address local racial and ethnic disparities in health status?
A. Consortium for Equal Health for All
B. Equal Opportunity for Health
C. Race and Ethnicity Health Task Force
D. Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Wellness
E. United Intendance for All People
1.2 General Public Health Answers
1.A. Assessment, policy development, assurance
The three cadre functions of public wellness are assessment, assurance, and policy evolution. These three functions are further cleaved down into the x essential public wellness services, as shown in the answer for question ii (directly below).
ii.D. The essential services autumn within the core functions
The three core public health functions are cess, assurance, and policy evolution. These three stages revolve in a continuous motion. Because the scope of these iii functions is and so broad, the 10 essential public health services were developed to farther differentiate the stages of the public wellness procedure. The essential services framework groups public health activities into categories that tin can exist recognized past upkeep officers, legislators, and the public at all levels of government. The essential services are evaluated in attaining public health accreditation.
The essential services fit within the context of the core functions, as shown below:
3.B. Balls
Equally described in the respond above (question 2), the 10 essential public health services were developed within the context of the 3 core public wellness functions: assessment, assurance, and policy development.
Licensure of wellness-intendance facilities falls within the essential service of evaluating effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services. This service is within the core function of balls.
4.E. The states Public Wellness Service Commissioned Corps
The Function of the Surgeon General sits inside the Role of the Banana Secretary for Wellness, a part of the Section of Health and Human being Services. The Surgeon Full general, along with the Assistant Secretary of Wellness, oversees the Usa Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (USPHS). The Surgeon General is nominated by the President of the United States and sits for a four-twelvemonth term. In addition to overseeing USPHS, the Surgeon General is designated equally the Chair of the National Prevention Council, an organization that provides leadership in prevention, wellness, and health-promotion activities. The Surgeon Full general besides serves as a figurehead and provides Americans with the best health information available to increase health and well-being.
The mission of the USPHS is to protect, promote, and advance the safety of the nation. This mission is accomplished through rapid response to public wellness needs, leadership in public wellness, and advancement of the practice of public health. USPHS workers deploy to support public health responses to both natural and man-made events. Specific USPHS deployment activities include serving vulnerable populations, addressing disease control and prevention, supporting biomedical research, and regulating water supply.
v.D. The larger the population of those on community water fluoridation systems, the more expensive information technology is per individual
As the number of people in a customs receiving water fluoridation increases, the average cost per private decreases. This is due to economies of calibration. The fiscal benefits of water fluoridation are enormous, equally those receiving fluoridated water have less caries and missing teeth. Every dollar spent on water fluoridation has been estimated to salvage $38 in dental costs.
All of the other statements in the question are true. Water fluoridation serves as a primary prevention to subtract the number of dental caries across all socioeconomic groups. When fluoridation services are discontinued in that location is a decrease in overall dental health condition in the population.
half dozen.C. 2
Because the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program only benefits children anile 5 and under, merely ii of the children are able to directly receive WIC benefits.
WIC is operated and funded by the Usa Department of Agriculture, which funds local not-turn a profit and public health agencies. Components of WIC include nutrition education, health-intendance referrals and financial help for needy families with children aged 5 years sometime and younger. To be eligible, families must be nutritionally at-risk and fall below a specific income.
Pregnant and breastfeeding mothers are likewise eligible to receive WIC benefits.
vii.A. AIDS/HIV
PEPFAR stands for the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. It is the largest programme within the Usa President's Global Health Initiative, a program aimed at saving the greatest number of lives by supporting the wellness infrastructure of other nations. Other programs within the Global Health Initiative include the President's Malaria Initiative and Feed the Future.
viii.C. HIV
The Health Resources and Services Administration'south (HRSA) Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program provides HIV-related care to those with insufficient health-care resources. The plan is funded by the Department of Health and Man Services, the HRSA, and the HIV/AIDS Bureau.
9.D. x years
The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP), within the Department of Health and Human Services publishes the new Wellness People objectives every 10 years. These scientific discipline-based objectives (more than 1000) create an calendar for improving the nation's health. Each objective is outlined with baseline measures and specific goals for improvement. Government organizations, communities, and other entities oftentimes follow the Healthy People objectives to plan strategic goals.
x.Eastward. None of the to a higher place
The United States has the largest prisoner population in the globe. The boilerplate age of prisoners is advancing due to the crumbling baby boomer population and external political factors. With the power to monitor and treat convict population, correctional medicine is a pure form of preventive medicine.
Across the lath, prisoners experience before onset and increased prevalence of chronic diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes.
The prison population also has a higher prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases. Rates of HIV in prison are roughly four times as high as HIV rates establish in the general population. Furthermore, an estimated 35% of the prison population carries chronic hepatitis C.
Half of all prisoners take a mental disorder. Prisons firm more mentally sick persons than hospitals and mental health facilities. Substance abuse, a type of mental disorder, is besides much more than prevalent in the prison population than the general population.
Due coaction between the surround, host, and vector, tuberculosis (TB) infection is common in prison. TB has been found to be at least iii times more than prevalent within prison than exterior of prison house.
11.E. Suicide
Considering jails typically incarcerate perpetrators for under i twelvemonth while prisons nearly exclusively house inmates with sentences over one year, the population characteristics inside jails and prisons are non the same. Because of this and over factors, health condition between the two populations may differ. Prisoners have guaranteed admission to care during the duration of the sentence, while jail inmates have less anticipated health-care utilization while non incarcerated.
Suicide is routinely the leading individual cause of expiry in American jails. Most 1/3 of jail inmate deaths are attributed to suicide. In descending order, the cause of death in jail are disease (including centre disease, cancer, etc.), suicide, alcohol/drug intoxication, accident, and homicide. In that location are roughly 140 jail inmate deaths per 100,000 inmates. Most jails (~80%) do non report a single decease annually.
Affliction is straight responsible for fifty% of deaths in jail, while affliction is responsible for roughly 90% of death in prison. The two leading causes of affliction-related death in prison are heart disease and cancer. After illness, the side by side most common causes of death amongst prisoners in descending gild are suicide, homicide, booze/drug intoxication, and accident.
12.A. Health Belief Model
The Health Belief Model hypothesizes that an private volition brand a particular wellness decision and accept activity based on their ain perception of susceptibility to the affliction and their power to control it. The Health Belief Model consists of the post-obit principles; perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.
13.C. Theory of Reasoned Action
The different health belief models can be thought of equally maps that provide guidance in a series of steps (constructs) to agreement wellness behavior. Each model emphasizes a different construct over the others.
The Theory of Reasoned Activeness assumes that people are rational and that their behavior is under control. Therefore, it is thought that behavioral intention leads to an actual behavioral change. The Theory of Planned Beliefs is a modified version of the Theory of Reasoned Action that further explains an individual'due south perception of control over their own behavior.
fourteen.B. Social Cerebral Theory
Reciprocal determinism states that there is a fluid relationship betwixt the individual and environment, where each ane reacts with the other to shape behavior. A change in whatever of these factors will affect the other two.
15.C. Preparation
The Transtheoretical Model is a stepwise map of intentional beliefs change through the stages of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.
Once the determination to quit smoking has been made, the preparation stage begins. This includes setting the quit engagement. The activeness stage begins on the quit date.
16.East. Majority
The Diffusion of Innovation Model is a model of the social system that breaks down the pace at which an innovation is adjusted. An innovation is new idea, exercise, service, or object being introduced to the population. Consider for instance new dietary recommendations. Predictably, dietary recommendations will not be adopted by everyone in the population at the aforementioned charge per unit and time.
The Diffusion of Innovation model is broken down into 6 chronological categories. From start to last adaptors, the categories are innovators, early adaptors, early bulk, late bulk, late adaptors, and laggards. Many professionals do non recognize late adaptors every bit a category. The wrong answer to this question is bulk, as in that location is non a distinct category defended solely to the majority.
This model recognizes that communication is important to promote social modify and bring along diffusion of innovation. The pace of adaption is influenced by perceived do good of the change compared to the perceived chance, the ease of adaption, and whether there is evidence that the adaption works.
17.A. Assemble the community team
Community Health Assessment and Group Evaluation (Modify) was developed by the Healthy Communities Programme of the Division of Adult and Customs Health (inside the CDC) to serve every bit a tool to aid communities recognize and assess community policy, systems, and environmental changes over time. This tool has fallen out of favor with the CDC and is no longer funded by information technology, yet it is all the same used by state and local health departments across the Us.
The summary of steps in the CHANGE model are as follows:
Step 1—Get together the community squad
Identify and assemble a diverse team with a maximum of 10–12 individuals.
Step 2—Develop a team strategy
Decide whether to use the CHANGE tool as a group or divided into subgroups.
Step 3—Review all five CHANGE sectors
I. Community-at-big sector
Ii. Community institution/organization sector
III. Health-care sector
IV. Schoolhouse sector
Five. Work-site sector.
Step 4—Assemble data
Gather information using multiple measures and methods to minimize bias.
Step v—Review gathered data
Sit down with the team to discuss what the data means in reference to the Change tool.
Step vi—Enter data
Designate a information managing director to input the data for each site.
Step 7—Review consolidated data
After rating each sector, complete the following steps, so the team tin can decide areas of improvement and subsequently develop a customs action plan.
Pace 7a: Create a Alter summary statement
Step 7b: Complete the sector data grid
Step 7c: Fill out the CHANGE strategy worksheets
Step 7d: Consummate the Community Health Improvement Planning template.
Step 8—Build the Community Activeness Plan
Be specific with objectives and proposed time periods for the projects.
18.D. Volunteer sector
Community Health Assessment and Group Evaluation (CHANGE) was developed by the Healthy Communities Program of the Division of Adult and Community Health, within the CDC to serve as a tool to aid communities recognize and assess customs policy, systems, and ecology changes over time. Alter has fallen out of favor with the CDC, yet it is nevertheless used past state and local health departments across the United States.
The volunteer sector is not one of the five sectors identified in Step iii of the CHANGE customs evolution tool. The five sectors are as follows:
ane. Community-at-large sector
two. Community institution/organization sector
3. Health-care sector
iv. Schoolhouse sector
five. Work-site sector.
nineteen.C. Planned Arroyo to Customs Health
PATCH is an organizational tool used on the local level to program, conduct, and assess health programs. Information technology is an acronym for Planned Approach to Community Health and was developed in the 1980s as a joint try betwixt the CDC and country/local health departments to create a local-based process based on current noesis in health theory, promotion, instruction and community development. It was created within the context of the PRECEDE model. Considering PATCH is community-based, each private customs is able to tailor fit the PATCH process to fit their unique locale.
The phases of PATCH are equally follows:
i. Mobilizing the customs
2. Collecting and organizing data
three. Choosing health priorities
four. Developing a comprehensive intervention programme
5. Evaluating PATCH
20.D. Resource Management
In 1967, Jack Rothman presented an commodity identifying three distinct community system models; social action, social planning, and locality evolution. All three of these models take get frameworks used in social planning.
21.B. 3
The CDC's Community Guide reviews public wellness interventions to analyze which interventions take a positive cyberspace impact. The Community Preventive Services Task Force uses the information obtained from the Community Guide to event prove-based recommendations to public health organizations. It may be thought of as coordinating to the US Preventive Services Job Force, but the recommendations are for communities rather than main care clinicians. There are only three types of stances: recommended, recommended against, and insufficient evidence.
22.B. Local health departments
Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health (Apex PH) is a iii-step process that helps local health departments (LHDs) assess their internal capacity, better sympathize local health issues, and create action plans.
The Apex PH was created as a group endeavour betwixt the American Public Wellness Clan, the Association of Country and Territorial Health Officials, the National Association of County Health Officials, the National Clan of County and City Wellness Officials and, the CDC to provide LHDs with a tool to increase organizational capacity and strengthen their function within the community.
23.D. Strategic plan
Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnership (MAPP) was developed past the National Association of County and City Health Officials with support from the CDC to perform community assessment and planning, with the vision to aid in communities achieving improved health and quality past mobilizing partnerships and taking strategic action.
MAPP consists of customs partnership evolution, visioning, continuous assessments, identifying strategic issues, formulations of strategic objectives, and implementing (while assessing) the process.
Unrelated to this question, although relevant to MAPP is the Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Ecology Health assessment. It similar to MAPP, but focuses exclusively equally being an assessment tool to create an operational plan (as opposed to strategic program) tailored for environmental health.
24.D. PRECEDE–PROCEED
The PRECEDE–PROCEED Model is the predominant model used to program a health-didactics programme. PRECEDE stands for predisposing, reinforcing, and eastwardnabling constructs in educational/environmental diagnosis and evaluation. PROCEED stands for policy, regulatory, and organizational constructs in educational and environmental development. This model can be used to provide guidance for whatsoever wellness education plan.
There are eight stages of the PRECEDE–PROCEED Model:
one. Social assessment
two. Epidemiological cess
iii. Educational and ecological assessment
four. Administrative and policy assessment and intervention alignment
5. Implementation
6. Process evaluation
7. Impact evaluation
8. Result evaluation
EMTALA stands for Eastmergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act. It is federal legislation dictating that hospitals receiving Medicare dollars must screen and stabilize all patients the come through the emergency room.
An Ishikawa diagram (aka fishbone diagram, cause and effect diagram) is a quality-management tool used to identify the root cause of a problem and identify opportunities for comeback.
MAPP stands for Mobilizing Action for Planning and Partnerships. Information technology is a tool used by communities to perform community assessment and planning.
SMART objectives is an acronym for creating goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and timely.
25.E. PRECEDE–Go along
The Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH) Model was created within the context of the PRECEDE model. PATCH is a customs health planning model to increase the capacity of wellness agencies to plan, implement, and evaluate community health promotion programs.
Apex PH is an acronym for Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health. It provides local health departments with a tool to increment organizational chapters and strengthen their office within the community.
MAPP stands for Mobilizing Action for Planning and Partnerships. It is a tool used past communities to perform customs assessment and planning.
PACE EH stands for Protocol for Assessing Community Eastwardxcellence in Eastwardnvironmental Health. Information technology is an assessment tool used to create an operational programme tailored to improving environmental health.
PDSA is an acronym that stands for plan, do, southtudy, act. It represents a continuous quality improvement bike.
26.C. Principle
The four Ps
of social marketing in health-intendance include identify, toll, production, and promotion. The health-intendance service should be in a place that is attainable and advisable. The price component includes social, ecology, monetary, and ecology costs. The product should be bonny and beneficial to the recipient. Finally, the product should be promoted to the target audience and information disseminated to the appropriate target.
Some experts also believe that positioning should exist included every bit the fifth P in health-care social marketing. Positioning would entail framing an event so that the target population relates to it. Meanwhile, in the for-profit world, the fifth P stands for profit.
27.D. Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Wellness
The CDC's Division of Community Health operates the Racial and Indigenous Approaches to Community Health (REACH), a program designed to reduce racial and indigenous disparities in health. The Achieve programme provides budgetary awards to customs-based programs that administrate programs intended to increase the health status of Blacks, American Indians, Hispanics, Asians, Alaska Natives, and Pacific Islanders. These programs typically focus on providing education and intervention on proper nutrition, physical action, tobacco utilize, and chronic diseases, such every bit diabetes.
Outside of Accomplish, the other question options exercise not exist.
Other Division of Community Health (DCH) programs include Partnerships to Improve Community Health (PICH) and National Implementation and Dissemination for Chronic Illness Prevention. These programs (including Reach), besides as others, typically expire and renew according to times of need and political climate. The DCH aims to be the national leader in advancing the exercise of community wellness and making healthy living easier. Specific DCH principles include maximizing public wellness impact, advancing health equity, using testify-based practices, and engaging the customs.
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Chapter Ii
Health Policy and Management
Abstract
The delivery of healthcare requires an understanding of access to care, quality of care, and cost of care. The United States has a healthcare arrangement is unlike any other country in the world. This department addresses the structures, processes, and outcomes of healthcare delivery in the United States. [97 questions.]
Keywords
Healthcare delivery; health commitment; affordable care act; regime; financing; police; policy; regulation
2.1 Health Policy and Direction Questions
1. Commercial insurance nearly often executes payment from ______ to ______ entities.
A. Private to individual
B. Public to public
C. Private to public
D. Public to private
East. None of the to a higher place
2. Which option best describes The Joint Commission (TJC)?
A. Authorities organization
B. Not-for-profit, contracted by regime
C. Not-for-profit, independent of government
D. For-profit, contracted by government
E. For-profit, independent of regime
3. Which of the following measures patient perception of their healthcare?
A. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
B. Hospital Consumers Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS)
C. Prospective Payment System (PPS)
D. Public Wellness Accreditation Lath (PHAB)
E. The Joint Commission (TJC)
4. What is the source of the majority of funding for graduate medical education (GME) for physicians in the United States?
A. Wellness Resources and Services Administration
B. Medicare
C. Medicaid
D. Medical malpractice lawsuits
E. Veterans Health Administration
five. Which arrangement pays the highest pct of long-term care expenses in the The states?
A. Medicare
B. Medicaid
C. Self-Pay
D. Private Insurance
Due east. American Association of Retired Persons
vi. Where do the largest percentage of Americans receive their health insurance from?
A. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
B. Veterans Affairs
C. Private private insurance
D. Employer private insurance
E. Self-insured (pay out-of-pocket)
7. Which payer contributes the most to national healthcare expenditures?
A. Government financed programs
B. Individual private insurance
C. Employer private insurance
D. Self-insured (pay out-of-pocket)
East. Other
eight. Patients enrolled in the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment (EPSDT) program may benefit from these services until what age?
A. 18
B. 21
C. 26
D. 65
E. Indefinitely
9. Primary care physician health professional person shortage areas (HPSAs) are defined by having less than one primary care dr. per how many residents in a geographic population?
A. g
B. 3500
C. 5000
D. 15,000
E. xxx,000
ten. Which of the following is Not true of Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs)?
A. FQHCs receive funding from the Health Resources and Service Assistants
B. FQHCs primarily provide outpatient health services
C. FQHCs may besides be approved as a Rural Health Heart
D. FQHCs must provide a sliding fee calibration to persons with an income below 200% of the federal poverty level
E. FQHCs may exist located in urban or rural settings
11. What is the proper noun of a hospital that receives special designation for being located in a rural area, is far away from other hospitals, has a 24 hour emergency room, and may only maintain an average inpatient length of stay for 96 hours to maintain
Source: https://www.scribd.com/book/353047758/Board-Review-in-Preventive-Medicine-and-Public-Health
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